Anoikis

Anoikis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in anchorage-dependent cells when they detach from the surrounding extracellular matrix ECM. When cells are detached from the ECM, there is a loss of normal cell—matrix interactions, and they may anoikis anoikis, anoikis.

Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. An important aspect of multicellularity is that cells only grow and differentiate when in the correct context within a tissue, and remove themselves by apoptosis when they are not.

Anoikis

The attachment of cells to the extracellular matrix ECM is the hallmark of structure—function stability and well-being. ECM detachment in localized tumors precedes abnormal dissemination of tumor cells culminating in metastasis. Specific factors, such as growth proteins, pH, transcriptional signaling pathways, and oxidative stress, have been reported as drivers of anoikis resistance, thus enhancing cancer proliferation and metastasis. Recent studies highlighted the key contributions of metabolic pathways, enabling the cells to bypass anoikis. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms driving anoikis resistance could help to counteract tumor progression and prevent metastasis. This review elucidates the dynamics employed by cancer cells to impede anoikis, thus promoting proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. In addition, the authors have discussed other metabolic intermediates especially amino acids and nucleotides that are less explored, which could be crucial for anoikis resistance and metastasis. Cell—cell adherence and their interaction with the extracellular matrix ECM are imperative for the growth and survival of cells. The ECM is a three-dimensional scaffold that provides the required critical biochemical and mechanical signals for tissue formation, growth, differentiation, and homeostasis 1. It is composed of varying biomolecules, such as glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and fibrous proteins 1 , 2. Adhesion receptors, such as integrin, cadherin, selectin, and immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules, mediate the attachment of cells to the ECM 3.

Theranostics 10 17—

Anoikis is a programmed cell death induced upon cell detachment from extracellular matrix, behaving as a critical mechanism in preventing adherent-independent cell growth and attachment to an inappropriate matrix, thus avoiding colonizing of distant organs. As anchorage-independent growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, two features associated with anoikis resistance, are vital steps during cancer progression and metastatic colonization, the ability of cancer cells to resist anoikis has now attracted main attention from the scientific community. In addition, tumor microenvironment has also been acknowledged to contribute to anoikis resistance of bystander cancer cells, by modulating matrix stiffness, enhancing oxidative stress, producing pro-survival soluble factors, triggering epithelial-mesenchymal transition and self-renewal ability, as well as leading to metabolic deregulations of cancer cells. All these events help cancer cells to inhibit the apoptosis machinery and sustain pro-survival signals after detachment, counteracting anoikis and constituting promising targets for anti-metastatic pharmacological therapy. Abstract Anoikis is a programmed cell death induced upon cell detachment from extracellular matrix, behaving as a critical mechanism in preventing adherent-independent cell growth and attachment to an inappropriate matrix, thus avoiding colonizing of distant organs. Publication types Research Support, Non-U.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Anoikis presents a significant barrier in the metastasis of cancer. As the most aggressive type of thyroid cancer, anaplastic thyroid cancer ATC exhibits a high risk of metastasis and is characterized by high mortality. Therefore, investigating the molecular mechanisms of anoikis resistance in ATC is important for devising therapeutic targets in clinical research. Investigate the impact of enolase 2 ENO2 on apoptosis and spheroid formation by gain and loss of function. Explore the impact of ENO2 expression on the formation of lung metastases in nude mice. We found that the glycolysis process was activated in detached ATC cells.

Anoikis

Anoikis is a programmed cell death occurring upon cell detachment from the correct extracellular matrix, thus disrupting integrin ligation. It is a critical mechanism in preventing dysplastic cell growth or attachment to an inappropriate matrix. Anoikis prevents detached epithelial cells from colonizing elsewhere and is thus essential for tissue homeostasis and development. As anchorage-independent growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, two features associated with anoikis resistance, are crucial steps during tumour progression and metastatic spreading of cancer cells, anoikis deregulation has now evoked particular attention from the scientific community. The aim of this review is to analyse the molecular mechanisms governing both anoikis and anoikis resistance, focusing on their regulation in physiological processes, as well as in several diseases, including metastatic cancers, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Abstract Anoikis is a programmed cell death occurring upon cell detachment from the correct extracellular matrix, thus disrupting integrin ligation. Publication types Review.

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Weaver VM et al. Role of N 6 -methyladenosine modification in cancer. The extrinsic approach is mediated by tumor necrosis factors TNFs and the first apoptosis signal Fas -ligand Previous studies have shown that these model genes are related to the occurrence and progression of most tumors, which is consistent with our research results. Ginseng Res. Download PDF. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms driving anoikis resistance could help to counteract tumor progression and prevent metastasis. J Oncol. A recent study showed that high expression of glutamine synthase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of glutamine, supports nucleotide metabolism, thereby leading to cancer cell survival N6-methyladenosine modification in mRNA: machinery, function and implications for health and diseases.

Cell Communication and Signaling volume 21 , Article number: Cite this article. Metrics details. Metastatic cancer cells can develop anoikis resistance in the absence of substrate attachment and survive to fight tumors.

Proper management of pH in solid tumors could be a promising approach to circumvent anoikis resistance. Cheng, X. Ranger AM et al. COAD is a disease that occurs only in the colon and is caused by excessive proliferation of epithelial cells in the colonic gland. Many integrins recruit ppFAK focal adhesion kinase , a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that is activated in response to adhesion 11 Figure 1b. This is an important mechanism to prevent dysplastic cells from proliferating and attaching to inappropriate substrates Review: targeting the transforming growth factor-beta pathway in ovarian cancer. The interaction of GFs with pro-survival signaling pathways mediated anoikis resistance to promote oncogenic transformation and metastasis in bone sarcoma Methionine-restricted diet inhibits growth of MCF10AT1-derived mammary tumors by increasing cell cycle inhibitors in athymic nude mice. Hence, there is a need for additional studies to elucidate the role of AMPK in anoikis resistance and metastasis, especially for tumors with an aberrant AMPK basal expression, which might be a biomarker for diagnosis and guide in the choice of a targeted therapy. Cancer Commun. Although anchorage dependence of cells has been recognised for many years, particularly regarding proliferation, 3 anoikis as we understand it was first described in the early s. Figure 7. TGFbeta2-induced formation of lipid droplets supports acidosis-driven EMT and the metastatic spreading of cancer cells.