Theobrine

Theobrominetheobrine, theobrine known as xantheoseis the principal alkaloid of Theobroma cacao cacao plant. It is a white or colourless solid, but commercial samples can appear yellowish. Theobromine is a flat molecule, [3] a derivative of purine.

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Theobrine

Theobromine poisoning , also informally called chocolate poisoning or cocoa poisoning , is an overdosage reaction to the xanthine alkaloid theobromine , found in chocolate , tea , cola beverages, [1] and some other foods. Cocoa powder contains about 2. Processed chocolate, in general, has smaller amounts. The amount found in highly refined chocolate candies or sweets typically 1. In general, the amount of theobromine found in chocolate is small enough that chocolate can be safely consumed by humans with a negligible risk of poisoning. Theobromine doses at 0. These are the mild-to-moderate symptoms. The severe symptoms are cardiac arrhythmias , [5] epileptic seizures , internal bleeding , heart attacks , and eventually death. Limited mood effects were shown at mg per day. Median lethal LD 50 doses of theobromine have only been published for cats, dogs, rats, and mice; these differ by a factor of 6 across species. Serious poisoning happens more frequently in domestic animals, which metabolize theobromine much more slowly than humans, [7] and can easily consume enough chocolate to cause poisoning. The most common victims of theobromine poisoning are dogs , [8] [9] for whom it can be fatal. The toxic dose for cats is even lower than for dogs. In dogs, the biological half-life of theobromine is In , four American black bears were found dead at a bait site in New Hampshire.

Cleavage of the ribose and N-methylation yields 7-methylxanthosine.

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Like caffeine, theobromine crosses the blood-brain barrier and binds to adenosine receptors, suggesting it might share caffeine's beneficial effects on mood and vigilance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of theobromine doses commonly found in foods on mood and vigilance parameters sensitive to caffeine. Caffeine was tested as a positive control. Twenty-four men age, 23 [3] years completed 6 double-blind trials during which they consumed experimental beverages, assessed their mood using standardized self-report questionnaires, and completed a 2-hour visual vigilance task. Three experimental doses , , and mg theobromine were delivered in a cocoa-based beverage; 3 matched control treatments 0 mg theobromine, mg theobromine, and mg caffeine were delivered in a non-cocoa beverage.

Theobrine

Dark chocolate and cocoa products are surprisingly nutrient-dense, and they have a range of health benefits. The chemical makeup of chocolate is also interesting, and cocoa contains a wide range of chemical compounds. First, we will take a look at what theobromine is, and then we will examine the potential health benefits and side effects. Formerly known as xantheose, theobromine is a bitter alkaloid compound 1. Theobromine 3, 7-Dimethylxanthine acts as a mild stimulant in the body, and it is slightly similar to caffeine. Both of these compounds belong to the same xanthine class of alkaloids. Although theobromine naturally occurs in several plant foods, the primary source of this chemical is the seeds of the theobroma cacao tree. Just known as the cocoa tree, this tree grows in tropical regions of South America and its seeds are what we know as cocoa beans.

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Retrieved 12 March Purine receptor modulators. Categories : Cat health Dog health Poisoning by drugs, medicaments and biological substances Veterinary toxicology. Epinephrine Hexoprenaline Isoprenaline isoproterenol Orciprenaline metaproterenol. The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. Infobox references. Contents move to sidebar hide. Archived from the original on 24 June Your vs. Cocoa beverages.

Theobromine poisoning , also informally called chocolate poisoning or cocoa poisoning , is an overdosage reaction to the xanthine alkaloid theobromine , found in chocolate , tea , cola beverages, [1] and some other foods. Cocoa powder contains about 2. Processed chocolate, in general, has smaller amounts.

In previous research, the USDA investigated the possible use of theobromine as a toxicant to control coyotes preying on livestock. Medical Definition. In , four American black bears were found dead at a bait site in New Hampshire. Compared with caffeine, theobromine is weaker in both its inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and its antagonism of adenosine receptors. Westview Press. Theobromine is a purine alkaloid derived from xanthosine , a nucleoside. The amount found in highly refined chocolate candies or sweets typically 1. Leukotriene antagonists Montelukast Pranlukast Zafirlukast. Theobromine doses at 0. Archived PDF from the original on Toggle limited content width. Houghton Mifflin Company. P0 adenine Agonists: 8-Aminoadenine Adenine. Cromoglicate Nedocromil. Theobromine is the reason chocolate is poisonous to dogs.