Dorsal root ganglion

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Dorsal nerve roots carry sensory neural signals to the central nervous system CNS from the peripheral nervous system PNS. Anatomically, a dorsal root ganglion DRG emerges from the dorsal root of the spinal nerves. They carry sensory messages from various receptors i. The role of DRG in chronic pain has been well established. The earliest technique of anesthetic infiltration of DRG was reported in

Dorsal root ganglion

Sensory neurons with cell bodies situated in dorsal root ganglia convey information from external or internal sites of the body such as actual or potential harm, temperature or muscle length to the central nervous system. In recent years, large investigative efforts have worked toward an understanding of different types of DRG neurons at transcriptional, translational, and functional levels. These studies most commonly rely on data obtained from laboratory animals. Human DRG, however, have received far less investigative focus over the last 30 years. Nevertheless, knowledge about human sensory neurons is critical for a translational research approach and future therapeutic development. This review aims to summarize both historical and emerging information about the size and location of human DRG, and highlight advances in the understanding of the neurochemical characteristics of human DRG neurons, in particular nociceptive neurons. Sensory neurons relay information about a variety of intrinsic and environmental cues such as temperature, touch, muscle length, organ volume or actual or potential harm to the body. They also contribute to regulation of blood supply and change neuronal sensitivity and other functions by ortho- and antidromic release of molecules. The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located primarily in dorsal root ganglia DRG or trigeminal ganglia TG; see reviews Belmonte and Viana, ; Pope et al. The last three decades have seen significant advances in understanding the electrochemical, cellular and molecular characteristics of sensory neurons found in DRG, primarily stemming from animal studies. Far less, however, is known about the cellular and molecular characteristics of human DRG. The emergence of recent comparative genetic and proteomic studies between animal and human models has highlighted critical differences and similarities in molecular and cellular characteristics of DRG.

The dorsal root ganglion in chronic pain and as a target for neuromodulation: a review.

A dorsal root ganglion or spinal ganglion ; also known as a posterior root ganglion [1] is a cluster of neurons a ganglion in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve. The cell bodies of sensory neurons known as first-order neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglia. The axons of dorsal root ganglion neurons are known as afferents. In the peripheral nervous system , afferents refer to the axons that relay sensory information into the central nervous system i. The neurons comprising the dorsal root ganglion are of the pseudo-unipolar type, meaning they have a cell body soma with two branches that act as a single axon, often referred to as a distal process and a proximal process. Unlike the majority of neurons found in the central nervous system , an action potential in posterior root ganglion neuron may initiate in the distal process in the periphery, bypass the cell body, and continue to propagate along the proximal process until reaching the synaptic terminal in the posterior horn of spinal cord. The distal section of the axon may either be a bare nerve ending or encapsulated by a structure that helps relay specific information to nerve.

A ganglion is a group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery a. Ganglia can be categorized, for the most part, as either sensory ganglia or autonomic ganglia, referring to their primary functions. The most common type of sensory ganglion is a dorsal posterior root ganglion. These ganglia are the cell bodies of neurons with axons that are associated with sensory endings in the periphery, such as in the skin, and that extend into the CNS through the dorsal nerve root. The ganglion is an enlargement of the nerve root.

Dorsal root ganglion

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Sensory neurons with cell bodies situated in dorsal root ganglia convey information from external or internal sites of the body such as actual or potential harm, temperature or muscle length to the central nervous system. In recent years, large investigative efforts have worked toward an understanding of different types of DRG neurons at transcriptional, translational, and functional levels. These studies most commonly rely on data obtained from laboratory animals. Human DRG, however, have received far less investigative focus over the last 30 years. Nevertheless, knowledge about human sensory neurons is critical for a translational research approach and future therapeutic development. This review aims to summarize both historical and emerging information about the size and location of human DRG, and highlight advances in the understanding of the neurochemical characteristics of human DRG neurons, in particular nociceptive neurons.

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VEGF is required for the maintenance of dorsal root ganglia blood vessels but not neurons during development. Sensory neurons relay information about a variety of intrinsic and environmental cues such as temperature, touch, muscle length, organ volume or actual or potential harm to the body. There are numerous comprehensive reviews summarizing advances in the understanding of rodent DRG, however, to our knowledge, no reviews focused on collating information on human DRG have been published to date. More recent studies suggest that somatostatin is also involved in the signaling of itch Huang et al. Normal DRG neurons generate sinusoidal oscillation patterns through voltage-sensitive mechanisms, which increase in frequency after nerve injury. Nascimento, A. Channels Austin 4, — The method capable of identifying protein localization in complex tissues with high resolution is immunohistochemistry. Additionally, this trial demonstrated that DRG stimulation, compared with traditional tonic dorsal column SCS, provides greater specificity of stimulation for painful areas, less stimulation intensity with postural variation, and the ability to deliver paresthesia-free analgesia in some subjects. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Nerve growth factor and its receptors have been described in human DRG Vega et al. The blood vessels build an extensive network of arterioles and capillaries within DRG Kutcher et al. The pseudo-unipolar process Rudomin, 7 originates from sensory neurons with prominent nuclei containing a singular nucleolus Berciano et al. Reina, M.

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Fucosylated glycoconjugates in human dorsal root ganglion cells with unmyelinated axons. Neuroanatomy, Dorsal Root Ganglion. Gamma amino butyric acid GABA and its receptors are the main inhibitors in the nervous system. Expression of lymphocyte, macrophage and class I and II major histocompatibility complex antigens in normal human dorsal root ganglia. Han, Q. Cluster of neurons in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve. Affiliations 1 Western University. Vascularization of the dorsal root ganglia and peripheral nerve of the mouse: implications for chemical-induced peripheral sensory neuropathies. Spinal Cord 54, — The Journal of Neuroscience. Here, we focus on describing the location and structure of human DRG, and neurochemical characteristics of satellite glia cells SGCs and DRG neurons with emphasis on the nociceptor-related neurochemistry. Two interconnected arterial plexuses, situated superficially and deep, supply human DRG.